10 yoruba proverbs pdf

10 yoruba proverbs pdf. Commonly Used: as one of the Yoruba proverbs that focuses on people and their treatment of others. One avoids danger at the early stage. This paper analyses a selected number of proverbs that specifically depicts the image Yoruba women, their nature, lifestyle, world view, temperament, to mention a few. The proverbs analysed show how proverbs are important and how Yoruba make use of proverbs with politeness strategies in discourse. Drawing on proverbs that touch on conflict and strategies of conflict resolution, it demonstrates that the wisdom of the proverbs does not consist only in the cultural values they carry but also in the underlying rhetorical strokes that Proverbs are used by the Yoruba people not only as „„owe l‟esin oro, oro l‟esin owe, bi oro ba nu, owe [ni a fi wa‟, meaning „a proverb is a horse which can carry you swiftly to the discovery of ideas sought: this „horse‟ is being constantly pressed into the service of elders during deliberations in council and at home settling Jan 1, 2020 · This paper examines the role of proverbs and their use in conflict management and in enhancing peaceful human co-existence. The paper discusses the traditional Yoruba wedding ceremony among bilingual Yoruba speaking families, with the following aims: (i) to throw more light on the discourse content and structure of the traditional Yoruba-English wedding bilingual discourse; (ii) to identify the place of semiotics and signage in the wedding This is done by taking as a foil, a content analysis of some of Yoruba proverbs, particularly the proverbs whose subject matter is on the development-related themes like care for others and cooperation, leadership qualities, advice, reproach and punishment, conflict resolution and warning. Scholars such as Odebunmi (2006Odebunmi ( , 2008, Ademilokun (2014), Lawal (2015), Ehineni (2016 Ehineni The study revealed that while sex-related Yoruba proverbs are essentially meant for communicating frank, stark and direct situations, postproverbial constructions of the proverbs have distorted the use of sex-related proverbs and proverbial expression in communication most especially because of the sex-image that were made more visible in the By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 501 Nelson Pl, Nashville, TN 37214 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. Western philosophy has basically been classified into This paper is a philosophical analysis of Yoruba proverbs. 10 Proverbs as Bearers of Philosophical Insight 85 Abstract: Aspects of language use and attitudes among the contemporary Yoruba people, as reflected in their naming practice, are the primary focus of this paper. Moja mosa laa mo akinkanju loju ogun - discretion is a better part of valour. Nov 21, 2023 · Yoruba Proverbs meanings. 5 Proverbs as Vehicle for Ridicule and Mockery 83 2. Bridget Anthonia Yakubu. The semantics of the denotative structure, though in itself a truism, is a means to the signified end. A. 1 (1999) 74-82 Proverbs 8. Jan 27, 2024 · Translation: No one who rides a horse would not move his head. The soup does not move around in an elder’s belly. 5 Philosophical Function Proverbs … are often said to represent a people's Philosophy. Meaning: The status of one’s life influences how he treats people around him. Proverbs, among the Yorùbá also serve as means of achieving clarity and May 6, 2015 · Yoruba Proverbs as a veritable source of history. ("God bless my hosehold with a sencond woman" is a woman's false wish) personal hygiene, through the application of Yoruba proverbs. You must be willing to die in order to live. The aim of this paper is to show how Yorùbá proverbs are employed to ‘deliver light-hearted jests’. 71-83. As we all know, language reflects culture. Coessentially these proverbs promote such values as human Confirming the sensitivity of Yoruba proverbs, Fabunmi, et al, (2005) observe that the Yoruba people use proverbs in public gatherings to communicate special messages. The following are the Yoruba proverbs and what they connote: 1. Thus, this paper analyses some of the functions Hence, the proverb, for the Yorùbá, ‘constitutes a powerful rhetorical device for the shaping of moral consciousness, opinions, and beliefs”viii. J. 18 • Number 1 pp. Jan 1, 2014 · This paper examines the role of proverbs and their use in conflict management and in enhancing peaceful human co-existence. 4. It is also English’s equivalent of “to test a man, give him money and power”. An approach comprising of empirical and Jan 1, 2010 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2010, Fayemi Ademola Kazeem published The Logic in Yoruba Proverbs | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate 2014, Novelty Journal. Nigerian Journal of Literacy & English Education. The purpose Sep 9, 2020 · Abstract. The Nature, Form and Functions of Yoruba Proverbs: A Socio- Pragmatic Perspective Noting the emphasis in Proverbs 31:10–31 on the positive image of the ‘ēšet hayil as the ideal wife, this article shows that overall, in the African proverbs, the woman is depicted positively as a mother, though many proverbs (cf. Volume 1 of the book, presents Yoruba proverbs starting with the Yoruba alphabets of A to I in Chapters 1 to 10, while Volume 2 covers proverbs starting from J to the last Proverbs are used by the Yoruba people not only as ‘‘owe l’esin oro, oro l’esin owe, bi oro ba nu, owe [ni a fi wa’, meaning ‘a proverb is a horse which can carry you swiftly to the discovery of ideas sought: this ‘horse’ is being constantly pressed into the service of elders during deliberations in council and at home settling Noting the emphasis in Proverbs 31:10–31 on the positive image of the ‘ēšet hayil as the ideal wife, this article shows that overall, in the African proverbs, the woman is depicted positively as a mother, though many proverbs (cf. Proverhium 23. One might guess that tongue-twisters are universal, but in the absence of examples from all known linguistic com- munities, the guess must remain just that. 113-120. 8 Jacques Derrida, "Living On" 83 In the study of oral literature in Africa, the | Find, read and cite all the research you (50) proverbs based on five themes each representing the situational use for the analysis. ng. 1), promises some conscious efforts at reconstructing Yoruba proverbs, such post-proverbials still share some sexist semblances with mainstream This paper examines the role of proverbs and their use in conflict management and in enhancing peaceful human co-existence. 8 Proverbs as Humour 84 2. O (2016) • Colomb. This paper analyses a selected number of proverbs that specifically depicts the image Y oruba. Dipak Ganmote. This is achieved through a content analysis of twenty-four(24) randomly selected Yoruba proverbs, and proverbial expressions, with particular reference to the themes of warning, cooperation, and diversity. Proverbs represent the quintessence of a people's collective wisdom sustained and transmitted from generation to generation. It suggests that popular This paper examines the role of proverbs and their use in conflict management and in enhancing peaceful human co-existence. Sep 26, 2012 · The denotative meaning tends to be the signifier of the connotative meaning, which, in fact, is the one held in high esteem. In the cases of the Wellerism, dialogue proverb and tongue- twister, the geographical distribution has not yet been accurately established. Linguist. Jan 10, 2017 · The book, which provides over 2,500 Yoruba proverbs treated alphabetically, accompanies each proverb with its English language translation and underlying wisdom or meaning. When the rain falls in the valley, the hill gets angry. Aug 5, 2022 · Owe Yoruba: 100 Yoruba Proverbs & Their Meanings. Jan 30, 2012 · (1983). The data were elicited from two sources: written source and home videos. The following proverbs are spoken to express the wisdom and the philosophies of the Ife people. Jan 1, 2013 · This is achieved through a content analysis of twenty-four (24) randomly selected Yoruba proverbs, and proverbial expressions, with particular reference to the themes of warning, cooperation, and CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO Em julho de 2013, recebi da Coordenação Regional da Fundação Nacional do Índio - Funai - de JI-PARANÁ - RO, o convite para participar de uma viagem de trabalho a se realizar entre os dias 10 a 23 de dezembro do mesmo ano, cabendo a mim a missão específica de realizar um levantamento linguístico - para fins de identificação e resgate - das línguas maternas dos It argues that Yoruba proverbs have philosophical issues that cut across epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, logic, aesthetics and so on. The framework of the lecture is an historical approach and a review of the process of nation building and the challenges of producing and sustaining leadership to move the Yoruba nation forward in our course of existence. These treasured sayings convey the demonstrated wisdom of the ages and therefore serve as a reliable authority in arguments or discussion. Abstract. especially the Yorùbá proverbs) cast the woman as a wife in a negative light. 👩‍🏫 Our experienced instructors are passionate about sharing the richness of Yoruba culture, providing personalized guidance to help you achieve language proficiency. edu. This document is a compilation of Yoruba proverbs translated into English. The data comprise 100 Yoruba proverbs on women. The word ‘semantics’ is derived from the Greek root ‘Semantikos’ meaning May 1, 1997 · The findings of this study can also guide the teacher in his approach towards testing learners' competence in Yoruba proverbs in more pragmatic ways. txt) or view presentation slides online. The Yoruba perception of proverbs In the Yoriuba language, a succinct distinction does exist in terminology between proverbs (owe) and other types of literary expression. Aug 26, 2020 · Email Address: ayakubu@noun. Hence, Yoruba say: ‘Owelẹṣinọ rọ ,ọ rọ lẹṣinowe, bọ rọ ba sọnu, owe la fi n wa’ translated to mean that ‘proverb is the vehicle through which issues are resolved. They are drawn from close observation of life and various experiences of the people in | Find, read and cite all the research To do this comparative study, a total of forty (40) proverbs were selected from the four cultures of Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba and Ivie; ten (10) proverbs from each culture were collected and analysed using the frameworks of Herbamas (1998) validity claims and Peirce’s (1958) sign triad of symbol, icon and Rather “Yoruba” proverbs rely for their socio-pragmatic effect on the aptness with which they are used in a particular situation and on the style and form of words in which they are used. 32996/ijllt. T elephone No. This study examines the forms and functions of Yoruba interrogative proverbs. 1. Jul 16, 2023 · Abstract: This article explores Yoruba proverbs as an essential source of popular wisdom on socio-. In many African societies e. But Yoruba proverbs relating to health matters can do more; they can teach other lessons which do not directly bother on health matters but on building up invaluable qualities for an all round life. environmental practices, in particular fire knowledge and practices. The Image of Yoruba Women in Myths & Proverbs. 7 Proverbs as Games and Entertainment 84 2. Following Oyekan Owomoyela’s introduction, which provides a framework and description of Yoruba cultural beliefs, the proverbs are arranged by theme into five sections: the good person; the fortunate Jan 30, 2012 · (1964). Accepted 8 October, 2012. This paper is set to discuss the various syntactic forms that many of the Yoruba proverbs manifest. Eg. For those who wants to zoom in on the mindset of the most populous black race on earth, this is the book that will give you a peep into how the mind of the Yorubas work. 30 15 Appendix 1 no - 14 Appendix 1 no - 10 17 Appendix 1 no - 30 18 Appendix 1 no - 76 19 Appendix 1 no - 91 20 Appendix 1 no - 15 21 Appendix I no - 16 Mar 21, 2022 · 1000 Yoruba Proverbs is the golden book of wisdom for those who cherish knowledge. Oyeku as the end of cycle can bring a blessing of peace. Awọn eniyan ti n wo Iṣẹlẹ rẹ le tẹ itọkasi rẹ lati rii ninu oluka Ohun elo Bibeli wọn, nibiti wọn ti le bukumaaki rẹ, Ṣe afihan rẹ, ati diẹ sii. In its negative manifestation, Oyeku represents a premature ending of a cycle that may not result in full maturity or benefit. The primary material was collected from Ife indigenes, some of whom still live at Ile-Ife today. This paper explores the possible place of Yoruba proverbs in the resolution of social conflicts. Literal Translation: No leaf drops off a tree without God’s foreknowledge. They have the understanding that the development of a nation is akin to the development of man, therefore the personality of a man has to be well enhanced so as to fulfill his responsibilities. This is achieved through a content analysis of twenty-four (24) randomly selected Yoruba proverbs, and proverbial expressions, with particular reference to the themes of warning, cooperation, and diversity. I. 3. Ọbẹ̀ kìí gbé inú àgbà mì. Politics and proverbs in Olu Owolabi's Ote nihd and Jibola Abiodun's Adiye ha lokim in language, gender and politics. Yoruba, Bantu and Akan societies, proverbs are used for instructions and “child –rearing”. Vol. Feb 12, 2018 · The data for the study include proverbs and praise poems which were collected from oral interviews with native speakers and discussions with older Yoruba people in Southwest Nigeria. African Sexual Proverbs: Some Yoruba Examples. ("God bless my hosehold with a sencond woman" is a woman's false wish) Jun 27, 2017 · The absence of writing in pre-colonial Africa has often befuddled indigenous African jurisprudential thoughts about law and related concepts. 27 The main aim of this study is to investigate Bedouin proverbs … Yan ẹsẹ Bibeli eyikeyi tabi aye, ti o sopọ taara si eyikeyi awọn ẹya 1,200+ ti YouVersion, ni awọn ede 900+. Drawing insights from the framework of Conceptual Metaphor, I investigate how metaphors operate in Yoruba discourse to achieve effective linguistic communication. It Ancient Yoruba sayings. 2019. Clothing among the Yoruba is a crucial factor upon which the proverbs (of Yoruba oral source) would be randomly selected from works of three Nigerian poets. Sep 18, 2023 · 10 Popular Yoruba Proverbs And Their Meanings : Owe Yoruba. (“God bless my hosehold with a sencond woman” is a woman’s false wish) Compendium of Yoruba Proverbs Translated Into English - Free download as PDF File (. Among the Yorùbá, proverbs has become so interwoven with living speech that can be heard at anytime and occasion. Oct 1, 2023 · 50 Yoruba Proverbs, their Literal Translation and Meanings. Sodipe and Odejobi (1984) classified Yoruba proverbs into five major categories thus; i. As Oladipo (2005) points out, they To do this comparative study, a total of forty (40) proverbs were selected from the four cultures of Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba and Ivie; ten (10) proverbs from each culture were collected and analysed using the frameworks of Herbamas (1998) validity claims and Peirce’s (1958) sign triad of symbol, icon and 2024 •. Adìẹ funfun kò mọ ara rẹ̀lágbà. May 1, 1997 · Abstract. Jan 4, 2015 · Yoruba Proverbs And Their Meanings. Some Yoruba Wellerisms, Dialogue Proverbs, and Tongue-Twisters. Interpreting Yoruba proverbs: Some hearer strategies 1 Introduction In Yoruba society effective speech and social success depend on a good command of proverbs. folklore are in fact limited by cultural boundaries. The study shows how Jan 3, 2016 · Owe Ile Yoruba -some Lovely Yoruba Proverbs And Their Meanings. The health-related meanings of the proverbs are in most cases restricted to the denotative meaning. It adopted Searle's speech acts classification to facilitate functional contextual classification of the proverbs. pdf), Text File (. The Nature, Form and Functions of Yoruba Proverbs: A SocioPragmatic Perspective Dec 27, 2012 · 1978. The Yoruba language is rich with proverbs and idioms that provide wisdom and guidance. The paper discusses some of these hidden beauties of Yoruba proverbs. Therefore, this paper attempts to fill the academic vacuum created by the earlier scholarship in the subject. 2. 13. The hand of the child cannot reach the shelf, nor the hand of the adult get through Oct 11, 2010 · Proverbs are a rhetorical strategy employed by various communities to express their experiences in a more condensed and effective manner. Due to the polymorphous nature of the context and competence needed to be reactivated in interpreting them, they also provide insight into some of the greatest pragmatic constraints in language use. Folklore: Vol. communicative elements deployed in the Yoruba traditional marriage processes to ease the. Among the Yoruba, it is believed to be an exclusive preserve of elders who are regarded as repositories of wisdom and propriety. Proverbs are deeply rooted in culture, and they provide a deep understanding of the cultural background of the language they are used in. transition of a 57 „Sango‟ Yoruba god of Thunder page 399 expressed “He who witnesses how Sango enters the ground will never abuse „Obakoso‟”58 The purpose of this proverb is to make the society reverence the deities. It was compiled by Wole Adedoyin and copyrighted by Egbe Odo Onkowe Ede Yoruba. May 9, 2023 · The Yoruba word for black is dudu and is associated with Oyeku as a symbol for the invisible dimension, the Source of Creation. Yoruba proverbs, names and national consciousness. Jun 1, 2021 · Gender representation is evident in the Yoruba proverbs and this has partly formed the basis on which males and females are evaluated in the Nigerian society. A discourse-structural analysis of Yorùbá proverbs in interaction Conclusion Fasiku, G. As has been noted by scholars, proverbs can be used to resolve conflicts, to give Feb 4, 2022 · This study seeks to fill the gap by exploring conceptual metaphorisations in gender-based Yoruba proverbs using linguistic frameworks. women, their nature The Yoruba of South Western Nigeria have from the traditional time appreciated the value of human development in national advancement. Jan 1, 2009 · It is in Yorùbá proverb that we understand their beliefs, norms, culture, tradition, and social activities. These poets are Tayo Olafioye, Tunde Olusunle and Bayo Adebowale. It posits that almost all interrogative proverbs in Yoruba contain question words which appear in the sentence initial or sentence final. Printed ISSN 0123-4641 Online ISSN 2248-7085 • January - June 2016. 94, No. The theme of this lecture is: The Formation of Yoruba Nation and the Challenge of Leadership since the Pre-Colonial Era. Do not falter if you are being chased as one is getting tired so is the one chasing you. Eniti eegun nlepa ko roju , bi o ti n re eniyan beni o n re araorun. Àjọ Bíbílíkà ń mú kí àwọn ènìyàn ayé bá Ọlọ́run pàdé nípasẹ̀ ọ̀rọ̀ rẹ̀, láti yí ìgbé ayé Jan 1, 2014 · The foregoing underscores the fact that the Yorubas have a wide range of proverbs that can support conflict management process. This is achieved through a content analysis of twenty-four(24) randomly Away from the syntax of Yoruba proverbs is the pragmatic enquiry of Yoruba proverbs. General Introduction and Background to the Study The sample of Yoruba proverbs used in this study was collected at Ile-Ife between 1985 and 2010. Following Oyekan Owomoyela's introduction, which provides a framework and description of Yoruba cultural beliefs, the proverbs are arranged by theme into five sections: the good person; the fortunate person (or the good life); relationships; human Oct 15, 2018 · Noting the emphasis in Proverbs 31:10–31 on the positive image of the ‘ēšet hayil as the ideal wife, this article shows that overall, in the African proverbs, the woman is depicted Jan 4, 2015 · Yoruba Proverbs And Their Meanings 1) Ebi npa ejo, ahun nyan, ati ahun ati ejo, eran jije ni fun olode; Both the tortoise that taunts a hungry snake are edible meat (preys) to a hungry hunter. 14. Whenever proverbs are used, they are expected to perform certain functions. The study focused on a pragmatic study of the resourcefulness of Yoruba proverbs in substantiating the viable role of language in culture. Aseju ni irun aya, irun abe tito - hairy chest is oversabi, pubic hair is enough. 9 Proverbs for Smoothening Social Frictions 85 2. Nov 30, 2021 · PDF | Yoruba proverbs are regarded as wisdom lore of the society. Do you want to learn some Yoruba proverbs and idioms that can enrich your language and culture? If yes, then you should visit this post on Steemit, where you can find 50 Yoruba proverbs and idioms compiled by @leopantro. 201-213. Both the tortoise that taunts a hungry snake are edible meat (preys) to a hungry hunter. : 08039181972. Jun 25, 2021 · All content in this area was uploaded by Àkàndé Mathew Olúsadé on Jun 25, 2021 Yoruba Proverbs Types Yoruba proverbs have different types, as used in different contexts for different purposes. These syntactic rules give some aesthetic values to proverbs usage in the languge. 1 Geography, Social History and Occupation Ile-Ife is a Yoruba Town some 54 kilometres to Ibadan, the former Capital City of Osun State, Nigeria. The study primarily expounds the linguo-cultural uniqueness of Yoruba names with a view to highlighting their pragmatic and cultural importance. - Culture - Nairaland. A large concentration of the studies on the representation of women in Yoruba proverbs come from cultural and sociological perspectives. The use of a Yorùbá Proverb by a younger person is prohibited in the presence of an older person, without prior permission to do so. / ,lournal of Pragmatics 27 (1997) 635-652 637 which claims that "proverbs are the veritable horse that conveys one safely to the discovery of ideas". 2, pp. Isiro l'oko dido - calculation is the master of bleeping. 6 Proverbs as Basis for Praise-names 83 2. 2. . 86. One notable testimony to such attention is the international conference in Jan 1, 1999 · PDF | Research in African Literatures 30. This is achieved through a content analysis of twenty-four(24) randomly From unraveling the roots of Yoruba words to mastering conversational skills, our courses are designed to make your language-learning experience both enjoyable and effective. Proverbs of Advice Jan 1, 2007 · Focusing on 10 purposively selected sex-related Yoruba proverbs with their post-proverbial equivalents, the study conducts a qualitative analysis of the proverbs from the perspective of feminist Dec 21, 2021 · African proverbs have, for good reason, attracted considerable attention from scholars, both African and non-African. Appl. g. Basically, Yoruba proverbs can be classified based on the functions they perform and their sociocultural theme. (2006). 2) Orisa je kin pe meji Obirin ko denu. Ajọ Biblica, The International Bible Society, ń pèsè ọ̀rọ̀ Ọlọ́run fún àwọn ènìyàn nípa títúmọ̀, títa Bíbélì jáde jákèjádò orílẹ̀-èdè Afíríkà, Asia, Pacific, Europe, Latin America, Middle East àti North America. 1. 82 Ehineni, T. Here are 50 common Yoruba proverbs and their meanings: Ewé kan kì í bọ́ lára igi, kí Ọlọ́run Ọba má mọ̀. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 1 This paper examines the role of proverbs and their use in conflict management and in enhancing peaceful human co-existence. We have chosen to deal with the semantic aspect of these proverbs because we know that the over-all meaning of any utterance constitutes its significance. It is a universally held belief that, just like all verbal expressions, proverbs Popular proverbs highlight virtues and vices, indicating accepted social acts and “frowning” at Unacceptable ones. Jan 1, 2021 · ABSTRACT: This study observes marriage as a rite of passage and identifies the symbolic. Lawal et al. Key Phrase: Oyeku creates an end Received: September 02, 2019 Accepted: October 05, 2019 Published: November 30, 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 6 DOI: 10. Sep 1, 2014 · This is achieved through a content analysis of twenty-four (24) randomly selected Yoruba proverbs, and proverbial expressions, with particular reference to the themes of warning, cooperation, and proverbs as a means of resolving disputes in society. Stop the old and try something new. May 1, 2008 · Yoruba Proverbs is the most comprehensive collection to date of more than five thousand Yoruban proverbs that showcase Yoruba oral tradition. 6. When wood breaks it can be repaired, but ivory breaks forever. Notably, they do this with caution to avoid careless, casual, or thoughtless statements whose damage might outlast lifetimes because proverb carries great psychic properties. Proverbs are the expressions used by the speakers and writers of every language to depict an image of society, culture, history, and tradition. 75, No. 1 -14. The themes are hard work/laziness, wisdom/foolishness,truth/untruth and decency/indecency. However, Yoruba proverbs are not just strung together haphazardly; they follow some particular syntactic rules of the grammar of the language. You can also discover other interesting topics and communities on Steemit, a platform where you can earn rewards for your content. The study shows that Yoruba interrogative proverbs have two basic forms: proverbs with declarative discourse preceding Jun 1, 2022 · The study analyzes six gender-sensitive proverbs combining insights from deconstruction theory and Fillmore's frame-semantic approach to the understanding of discourse. This article attempts a reconstruction of indigenous African jurisprudential thoughts on the concept of justice through a prescriptive exploration of Yoruba proverbs. 1) Ebi npa ejo, ahun nyan, ati ahun ati ejo, eran jije ni fun olode; Both the tortoise that taunts a hungry snake are edible meat (preys) to a hungry hunter. The white chicken does not realize its age. Little attempts have been made to explore the images of the woman in Yoruba proverbs and their Africa has been a continent enmeshed in violent conflicts. It argues that many of these proverbs that revolve Although the emergence of “post-proverbials” (RajiOyelade, 1999), which are “alternate variations of conventional proverbs, mostly used humorously by the younger generation” (Aragbuwa, 2020, p. Ebi npa ejo, ahun nyan, ati ahun ati ejo, eran jije ni fun olode. Methodology 3. The study aims to analyse selected proverbs on marriage, as pragmatic acts among Yoruba speakers. Yorùbá Proverbs are wise sayings passed through generations to teach historical lessons, highlight good morals, and instil social values. "Yoruba Proverbs is the most comprehensive collection to date of more than five thousand Yoruban proverbs that showcase Yoruba oral tradition. By virtue of the exegesis of the Nigerian terrain, some of the indigenous Yoruba proverbs which have been translated into English in their poems would constitute our data. (Respect yourself) 2. nr sf ns bb ib bc wc uw af px