Gtk draw image

Gtk draw image. Wow, GTK is a real pain. After that, there’s a number of adjustments that Sep 19, 2016 · All drawing will have to be custom using Cairo. Of course, this assumes your draw handler is written such that it doesn't use either the GtkDrawingArea or the data GTK 4 tutorial. Gtk. set_from_pixbuf(img) Try adapting the answer to this question - it looks like you'll want to investigate the rsvg library. It takes four arguments: the path to the image file, the width to scale it to, the height to scale it to, and a bool to control whether or not the aspect ratio is preserved. But unfortunately it appears that in case of GTK# that particular property (Pixels) of Gdk. You can draw your shapes on to the drawing area which is shown as example here on the documentation itself. (Like BitBlt in Windows). The widget responds to keyboard and mouse input that has been modeled on Gimp and others. new_from_bytes(GLib. Create a GC (graphics context) - you dont need to set Can you give an example of drawing images using the drawing area widget? Feb 22, 2019 · pic = cv2. It is a GTK object for manipulating images. This has been deprecated in favour of gdk_cairo_set_source_pixbuf from version 2. Example: test_file. In GTK 3, the GDK drawing API (which closely mimics the X drawing API, which is itself modeled after PostScript) has been removed. All drawing in GTK 3 is done via Cairo. Drawing. ndarray Afterwards, I would like to display this image using a GtkWidget. You should connect to the expose-event (GTK 2) or draw (GTK 3) signal. h>. Pixbuf Oct 1, 2011 · The answer is actually quite easy: when you render the objects, render them to a context created from a saved surface. The contents of this alignment will change over time but I want it to have a background image always visible. You may need to set the "app-paintable" flag on the GtkWindow, but you can connect to its draw signal, and draw on the background with Cairo. new(img)) pixbuf = GdkPixbuf. new_from_stream(stream, None) self. GDK does not wrap the Cairo API and it is not possible to use cairo directly to draw on a GdkSurface. I have just created a memory buffer, and filled it with alternating rows of colours in the 32-bit RGBA format. (Create GDK resources in response to this Jun 21, 2023 · I work with an “Doublebuffer”-cairo_image_surface and copy its content in the idle-function via gtk_widget_queue_draw resp. Pixbuf. I also tried variations of the various cairo calls in draw() (commenting some out, adding another alpha color selection after setting CLEAR, not setting a clip rect, etc. ); that didn't work Oct 8, 2008 · The following is a trivial image viewer using the GtkImageViewer widget. I don't see why not, I have some code that loads an svg via rsvg into a Gtk3. I came up to use Gdk. set_child(image) We set the image to the main container of the application window. Argb32, width, height); Render a shape to the surface: Sep 19, 2016 · I am new to GTK+3 and I want to create a custom drawing widget (maybe a grid). Apr 10, 2018 · Cairo drawing is indeed not very fast. png”的图片导入为图像表面，并使用 set_source . You are drawing to the cairo surface, but "nothing knows", so no redraw is triggered. GTK + will not destroy the widget, so if you don’t want it to persist, you should connect to the “drag-end” signal and destroy it yourself. gtk_widget_queue_draw(window); Apr 10, 2018 · Has anyone noticed such performance issues when using GTK/Cairo during draws on a DrawingArea? Any lead on where to look to decrease the drawing duration? Aug 6, 2019 · Hello GTK Enthusiasts, Our group is working with electron microscope images that are commonly 25,000 x 25,000 (very large). Nouns. Once created, the layout can be manipulated in various ways, including changing the text, font, etc. As part of this switch, we have moved from an immediate mode rendering model to a retained mode one. This will be your Drawable. h&gt; static gboolean button_press_callback (GtkWidget *event_box, GdkEventButton *event, gpointer Feb 10, 2011 · Before I start to draw, I don't know the size of the graph, so I can't set the drawing area's size by gtk_widget_size_request. Window gwin = mwin. Yes, you can. It has options to cover all the cases I described above. an image on a GTK window in PyCairo. In the drawing stage it is not allowed to change properties of any GTK widgets or call any This function is useful when drawing dithered images into a window that may be scrolled. 'Cause doing it functional style is a little awkward in Python. Window; this is a subclass of gtk. surface, 10, 10); The image of a castle is set as a source for painting. The upper left corner is typically far far away, but the Java Virtual machine does Cairo is a graphics library that supports vector graphics and image compositing that can be used with GTK. Oct 14, 2013 · Some of my code is from Stack Overflow and some is from other sources. 1 LTS with C language. If you want to draw with GL textures in GTK, use gdk_gl_texture_new(); if you want to use that texture in Cairo, use gdk_texture_download() to download the data into a Cairo image surface. Apr 11, 2015 · My application needs to draw in-memory RGB and grayscale images to the screen for display. It is implemented by figuring out where to draw the upper left corner of the image and at what scaling. This lets each widget snapshot its content at the Oct 8, 2008 · The following is a trivial image viewer using the GtkImageViewer widget. It’s essentially a blank widget; you can draw on it. This document introduces you to how cairo works and many of the functions you will use to create the graphic Apr 5, 2015 · I'm using gtk3 with c. I was looking at another similar post ( rotate image ). For current tesing purpose I have hardcoded my code. You could use one of the GtkToolItem widgets for your top or side box of objects. 在上面的例子中，我们通过 create_from_png 方法将名为”image. Many convenience functions are provided to make pictures simple to use. GdkWindow; then use Gdk. But the transparency is not constant. To make them concrete I’m including diagrams that depict how they interact. Finally, the layout can be rendered using the Pango::Layout::show_in_cairo_context () method. png') Gtk. We’ve written a Java application that allows zooming and panning to any resolution. The cairo_mask_surface paints the current source using the alpha channel of surface as a mask. Cairo is a powerful 2d graphics library. A rotation is a transformation that moves a rigid body around a Mar 2, 2018 · Also, as you're creating an image viewer, you will want to change the image shown by a Gtk::Image. This resulted in the objects backgrounds completely covering my background image. I bet there are better ways to do that, but I don't really know GTK, sorry. ) The width and height of the new surface are not affected by the scaling factor of the window, or by the scale argument; they are the size of the surface in device pixels. Migrating from GTK 3. An affine transform is composed of zero or more linear transformations (rotation, scaling or shear) and translation (shift). return TRUE;} static GtkWidget * create_image (void) {GtkWidget * image; GtkWidget * event_box; image = gtk_image_new_from_file ("myfile. 14159265358979323846. Using GTK3, I have been trying to draw a Pixmap from a memory buffer. allocating a GdkPixbuf for each new frame and calling gtk_image_set_from_pixbuf() on a gtk image widget Oct 12, 2017 · cv::Mat outImage will be distroyed when excution run out of the scope of the function displayImage2 (), thus you should declare the variable outImage in your custom class which derived from Gtk::Window. I have been trying the following function: gdk_pixbuf_new_from_data(const guchar *data, GdkColorspace colorspace, gboolean has_alpha, int bits_per_sample, int gboolean draw (GtkWidget * self, cairo_t * cr, gpointer user_data) Description [src] This signal is emitted when a widget is supposed to render itself. 1. The draw function is called whenever GTK needs to draw the contents of the drawing area to the screen. scale_simple(new_width, new_height, gtk. PixBuf but can't figure out how to load stock images. I need keywords to Google. I create an instanciation of this class in another file. Apr 24, 2020 · gtk_drawing_area_set_draw_func (area, draw, NULL, NULL); The rendering model. Other images can be displayed via the GdkPixbuf. Jun 27, 2021 · I'm trying to create a similar widget like Granite. But the biggest difference between textures and pixbufs is that they don’t expose the memory that they use to store the pixels. In my case, I was subclassing DrawingArea, which gave something like this: use std::cell::Cell; Image=Gtk. /* * A trivial GtkImageViewer example shows the file given on the * command Nov 21, 2020 · 3. Can I optimize Cairo to do it faster ? Or can I draw with Cairo on a GtkImage instead of a DrawingArea in order to use gtk_image_set_from_pixbuf ? (Indeed I need to draw lines over the image). Here's a link that may be helpful, it is in PHP-GTK, but it shouldn't be too Jun 16, 2015 · I'm trying to use Julia with GTK and Cairo to draw onto a canvas. I think the following code (adapted from the example fragments on the GTK. You can either use a GtkDrawingArea widget or gtk_snapshot_append_cairo for drawing with cairo in a GTK4 application. Application. Here's an example (from the Pango documentation). Active Topics. Piston and Conrod make this easy but I'm looking for a GUI toolkit that is more robust and can produce a n Oct 1, 2011 · The answer is actually quite easy: when you render the objects, render them to a context created from a saved surface. Pixdata, create a Gdk. The GTK header files use the subset of C that’s also valid C++, so you can simply use the normal GTK API in a C++ program. Pixbuf which is created from the image, modify the pixels using methods in Gdk. 6. 22 onwards. I want to draw a stock image of a directory inside DrawingArea. The image gradually fades out. There is no gtk_drawing_area_draw_pixbuf instead you have gdk_draw_pixbuf. #!/usr/bin/python. Several linear transformations can be combined into a single matrix. c -o pixel $(pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk4) -o pixel. Application () app. Bitmap. Mar 20, 2018 · In GTK4, instead of connecting a draw signal, the draw functions must be registered with gtk_drawing_area_set_draw_func. Dec 16, 2021 · Curiously, rendering the image on a GtkImage with gtk_image_set_from_pixbuf is 5 times faster than by using Cairo's. The original code snippets have been translated to C, the text has only been changed as much as necessary. gtk. #include <gtk/gtk. Jun 7, 2019 · An introduction and tutorial to Linux Gnome based Gtk with Glade application window development in C. We make the second image transparent. I have been trying the following function: gdk_pixbuf_new_from_data(const guchar *data, GdkColorspace colorspace, gboolean has_alpha, int bits_per_sample, int Oct 18, 2013 · stream = Gio. Since you're obviously using GTK, you shouldn't be using it. Pixdata from Gdk. jl page) should work, but it does not. Hierarchical drawing. drag_set_icon_widget: Changes the icon for drag operation to a given widget. Mar 4, 2012 · I had issues with loading from file to Pixbuf when the type was not a PNG, so I used System. Drawing Text with Pango. run ( None) This should display a small blank window. Now I want the scaling to occur automatically when the GtkImage widget is resized. here is the events functions. This is achieved with the GradientPaint. cairo_surface_t *image; gpointer user_data) do_drawing(cr, widget); return FALSE; GtkWidget *win = gtk_widget_get_toplevel(widget); Sep 23, 2013 · I'm writig a simple file browser in GTK#. Jun 15, 2016 · Drawing in GTK+. Thus, if you draw an image into a window using zero dither alignment, then scroll up one pixel, subsequent draws to the window should have ydith = 1. x application for the switch to GTK 4. Next, get the DrawingArea parent window (there will be a method like get_window or something for that). Cairo’s nouns are somewhat abstract. cairo_set_source_surface(cr, glob. x to GTK 4. A random idea to trigger a redraw would be to call gtk_image_clear() and then gtk_image_set_from_surface(). 0) to draw the pixbuf onto drawing area. Window is for the GUI, for background images you need to use Graphics i. May 25, 2010 · So, the answer would completely depend on how the area is packed and into what container. Apr 12, 2018 · Im trying to get a image at random location to rotate. Jun 14, 2019 · There are examples shown in crate documentation. '''. Jun 27, 2020 · I’m using Gtk 3. In fact, before gdk_texture_download() is called, that data doesn’t even need to exist. 在 draw 方法中，我们使用Cairo库的 set_source_surface 方法将图片绘制到绘图区上。. hpp>. Dec 11, 2013 · EDIT: As for the used libraries: This answer uses only plain GDI+ (System. The image to be moved across the screen. Image. Pixbuf to set the background image. org Return FALSE to continue invoking callbacks. Image() Image. Figure: Reflection Waiting. As such, Gtk. Sets property. The chapter on custom drawing in the GTK tutorial has some C code to show you how to do it. You can draw images with cairo library functions. My first idea was to use something like GtkImage, but GtkImage can only work directly with an image file. when the button clicked, i draw some rectangles in a loop and i want to redraw the drawing area on each iteration of the loop. In my own expirience I haven't seen fps much more than that, maybe 30 or 40. gdk_window_begin_draw_frame() is a low-level call which you should normaly only ever need if you're trying to draw something using GDK/Cairo without involving GTK. Jan 10, 2022 · The way to do drawing with Cairo in GTK is by using a GtkDrawingArea (or if you want to implement very custom behaviour: subclassing GtkWidget and implementing your own draw() vfunc). Note that a Gtk. Oct 18, 2023 · Crucial part of the code. But it doesn’t work. Otherwise, please specify how the area is packed and/or what other widgets are in the toplevel. Image is the equivalent of Windows Forms' PictureBox, whereas Gdk. Apr 10, 2013 · Hi guys I have the following code. e you need to access the underlying GdkWindow . Jan 21, 2011 · My problem is simple, I want to draw some RGB 24-bit pixels on the screen. Additional Dec 8, 2022 · You can use GdkMemoryTexture for an image in memory and use a GtkPicture and set the texture using gtk_picture_set_paintable() to paint it. gdk. Scale:draw-value. answered May 15, 2022 at 8:31. Jan 17, 2012 · Here's what I already tried: using gdk_draw_rgb_image() on a gtk drawing area: basically worked, but rendered so slow that the drawing processes overlapped and the application crashed after the first few frames, even at 1 fps capture rate. I want to load and display a photograph and then do cairo lines, points and text over the top of the photo image without actually altering it. When using GTK directly, keep in mind that only functions can be connected to signals, not methods. set_from_pixbuf(pixbuf) When I call update_image manually it works as expected. app = Gtk. image, 10, 10); cairo_mask_surface(cr, glob. There are 2 main bottlenecks: how often the "draw" signal is emitted and how cairo draws lines under the hood. Jun 20, 2011 · 1. widget. Argb32, width, height); Render a shape to the surface: Use cairo for drawing. your_draw_cb(GtkWidget *widget, cairo_t *context, gpointer data) {. For example, if you want to load an image from a file, and then display it, there’s a convenience function to do this: GtkWidget *widget = gtk_picture_new_for_filename ("myfile. Mar 12, 2015 · In that case, you would first create an image surface and then a cairo_t from that surface. Initially the surface contents are all 0 (transparent if contents have transparency, black otherwise. We draw 8 lines that will gradually fade out creating an illusion that a GTK + retains references for the arguments, and will release them when they are no longer needed. Jul 17, 2023 · Displaying a JPEG image. ps: gtk_widget_queue_draw () update the drawingarea only when returned to the gtk_main (); return FALSE; x=8+rand()%560; y=8+rand()%380; Jul 17, 2023 · We stop the timer function when we draw the whole image on the GTK window. MemoryInputStream. svgwidget = Gtk. The best solution I came with was to Mar 19, 2023 · To load an SVG image and scale it to whatever size you desire, you can use the from_file_at_scale() function. When loading no background at all, the header image loads correctly and the window looks like this: Drawing on gtk. (Other GTK widgets work, but not the canvas) I would appreciate if someone can suggest what is wrong with this code, or give a pointer to a complete example. new_from_pixbuf(pixbuf) Or use the rsvg library if you don't mind an extra dependency and want to do fancy stuff with the SVG once you've loaded it: Feb 18, 2016 · 2. jpg") #pic is a numpy. Text is drawn via Pango Layouts. And this is used in the GL texture. I am tryin Mar 5, 2018 · 1. The easiest way to create a Pango::Layout is to use Gtk::Widget::create_pango_layout () . This task can seem somewhat daunting, even for people that are familiar with the GTK+ API from an application development standpoint, so I Feb 21, 2013 · In short, I created a gtk image widget which can be displayed independently or attached to other widgets like buttons. This program shows how to draw. [ −] Parameters. Feb 23, 2019 · I am having some trouble drawing images with gtk2. Change the radius (in this example 40) to the desired size: #define M_PI 3. One of the major differences between GTK 3 and GTK 4 is that we are now targeting GL / Vulkan instead of cairo. draw_insertion_cursor Sep 29, 2011 · The main window contains a Gtk::VBox with a header image on top and an Gtk::Alignment at the bottom. current_image. Jul 5, 2012 · Load the file into a pixbuf, there is a new_from_file constructor or something for that. Mar 7, 2016 · So far, the image displays fine; but I encountered the two issues below: When I minimize the GTK window and bring it back up again, the image just disappears, leaving the Drawing_Area empty. Pass that to your drawing function, and then you can save the surface to a PNG. Also, make sure this occurs on the main thread of the application. window to get the widget's gtk. Deprecated since: 4. The function is overly complex and produces broken output in various combinations of arguments. After creating a drawing area, the application may want to connect to: The GtkWidget::realize signal to take any necessary actions when the widget is instantiated on a particular display. PyCairo has built-in support only for PNG images. connect ( 'activate', on_activate ) app. Window mwin = new Gtk. 8. N9 Led issues (0) to Nokia N9 / N950 by xoalex - 23 hrs, 59 mins ago [Announce] N900 maemo flasher as debian live image (18) 1. In the drawing function all of the xlib parameters are queried in order to create a Pixmap as the xlib drawable which is where all xlib drawing is rendered. So at startup just use an empty Gtk::Image created with Gtk::Image::Image (or Glade and Gtk::Builder), and later change the image displayed in it with Gtk::Image::set, passing it your pixbuf. png"); event_box = gtk_event_box_new (); gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (event_box), image); g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (event_box), "button_press_event", G GtkDrawingArea is a widget that allows drawing with cairo. Jan 10, 2022 · 2. Apr 18, 2021 · 2. Image to load it into a byte array first. This is a minimal amount of code to show a window. It's an ambitious project for the first time, but very similar to my first major project. Sample program below. Drawable, so you can draw on it. It takes as input a filename and displays it in a window with the size of the image. Image is a widget that displays a Gdk. In Gtk# simply use. Then return FALSE from the draw signal handler to signify that other handlers should still be invoked for the drawing; then the buttons can still be drawn on top. But we will start off with a better example: Making the code into classes. 2 on Ubuntu 18. As pointed out by @iharob in comments, you need a cairo surface . Feb 9, 2011 · pixbuf = self. 0. Format. GtkDrawingArea provides a cairo drawing context. Pixel (x, y) will be drawn dithered as if its actual location is (x + xdith, y + ydith). In my case, I was subclassing DrawingArea, which gave something like this: use std::cell::Cell; May 14, 2018 · Well, a trick to do this is using a GtkLayout between the image and the window. We will load a GdkPixbuf and use it as reference for scaling, otherwise the quality would deteriorate with cumulative 'resizing'. ptomato. c. INTERP_BILINEAR) # Put the generated pixbuf in the GtkImage widget. The way to do drawing with Cairo in GTK is by using a GtkDrawingArea (or if you want to implement very custom Description [src] Specifies whether the current value is displayed as a string next to the slider. Here is a example worked fine with gtkmm4 and opencv4: #include <opencv2/opencv. In that handler, simply use image. On my work PC widget redraw is called about 25 times per second, that is 25fps. Jun 2, 2013 · I have a GTK drawing area and I want to have an image display as the background for it, while other things can be drawn over it. This gives me a drawing area but the image as well as the points I have drawn are not showing. Button. Pixbuf is roughly equivalent to Windows Forms' System. Yes, create a DrawingArea and stick it in a Box or something somewhere. [src] GTK 4 is a major new version of GTK that breaks both API and ABI compared to GTK 3. It uses a very similar GtkDrawingArea idea. /* * A trivial GtkImageViewer example shows the file given on the * command Feb 21, 2013 · In short, I created a gtk image widget which can be displayed independently or attached to other widgets like buttons. imread("image. . Then when you render the window, insert a context based on the same saved surface. Pixbuf object. GtkWidget *window; static void rotate_cb() {. #include <cairo. The signal handler will create a snapshot object (which is a helper for creating a scene graph) and call the GtkWidget snapshot() vfunc, which will propagate down the widget hierarchy. Dr May 14, 2018 · Well, a trick to do this is using a GtkLayout between the image and the window. Image is created from a file. How do I redraw/update the image in the Drawing_Area with a button push? Here's the function that does the drawing: Apr 18, 2021 · 2. Create a new image surface that is efficient to draw on the given window. Then I sent the image widget to the drawing function. Create a surface: surface = new Cairo. Invoke(delegate { to invoke on the main thread. I have got the "Setting up the deck", "Shuffling the deck", and most of the playing the hand routines done, but this has stumped me. If your window (as in GtkWindow) doesn't include anything expandable, setting it to be non-resizable mode will achieve what you want. Button is used to trigger a callback function that is called when the button is pressed. Also, instead of using the draw signal, use the size-allocate signal. – nielsdg. If your code is occurring on a different thread, call. Since my plan is to manipulate a video-stream this is not practicable. Bytes. The first three nouns are the three layers in the diagrams you see in this section. The following is an example that creates an opaque 8bit RGB image and displays it on the screen: * Compile: cc -ggdb pixel. In this examle, we use transparency effect to create a waiting demo. Pixbuf). 2. Draw a grid, then handle arranging your logic objects manually. The topic of how GTK+ draws the content of a window is a fairly complex one; it involves drilling down from GtkWidget, to GdkWindow, to Cairo, to the windowing system currently in use. Apr 8, 2014 · The theme shown in my screenshots is the gtk-oxygen theme; I am using KDE. #include <gtkmm. answered Jul 5, 2011 at 6:51. It is really bad. GtkDrawingArea is a widget that allows drawing with cairo. Jul 17, 2023 · In this part of the Cairo graphics programming tutorial we talk about transformations. The draw function will be called during the drawing stage of GTK . cr. May 23, 2017 · You need to make use of expose-event callback (assuming you are working with Gtk+ 2. The GtkPicture widget displays a GdkPaintable. It is often that the cairo graph is larger than the scrolled_window's area. Bitmap) and Gdk# (Gdk. 04. How to make a GTK3+ window with a background Jan 29, 2024 · The example displays a PNG image on the window. Note that you can just use cairo-related functions in general to do drawing, with some basic examples being mentioned here. /* Global Structure to hold. It should look something like this: static gboolean. You can check the documentation of the crate from here. ImageSurface (Cairo. See full list on docs. The fourth noun, the path, is drawn on the middle layer when it is relevant. If you want to draw shapes or paint images dynamically on the screen, use the GtkDrawingArea widget. The final noun, the context, isn’t shown. 要在Gtk+中绘制图像，首先需要将图像导入为Cairo的图像表面（ImageSurface）。. ZetCode PyCairo tutorial. Window(); Gdk. As far as I have seen, it is pretty much ported with same function and struct names for GTK 3. Feb 27, 2017 · Draw background image in gtk - none of my attempts work. x. new_from_file('sid. Nov 21, 2020 at 17:11. png"); If the file isn’t loaded successfully Jul 23, 2013 · 2. Type: cairo_t. GtkDrawingArea and Cairo. I don't want to load external image. I have tried this code: #include &lt;gtk/gtk. Image Development. I have a code like next: let file = gio::File:: Mar 16, 2018 · Lots of constructors exist to create textures from files, resources, data or pixbufs. During the Paint phase GTK receives a single ::render signal on the toplevel surface. Pixbuf is made as read only. I need to be able to drag and drop logic objects on it for my logic gate simulator. AsyncImage using Rust Gtk, but I can't figure how to make it work because Pixbuff is not safe thread. One option maybe to use Gdk. The GdkGC and GdkImage objects, as well as all the functions using them, are gone. But I couldn't get things to work. self. With the Rust bindings, we need to use DrawingAreaExtManual::set_draw_func to set the draw function. (Create GDK resources in response to this Hey All, I am trying to draw live images in Gtk::DrawingArea in the same way as they are shown in monitors at railway stations, airports, metro etc. It is possible to get pixels for GdkPixbuf and modify the same in GTK. gtk_widget_queue_draw_area over the DrawingArea-Callback into the Program-Window. Alternatively, you can use a “C++ binding” such as gtkmm which provides a native C++ API. Video should now play in 1080p (adjust your browser). If you want a moving image or something that needs to get refreshed a lot then I would suggest using a GtkDrawingArea and implement it's draw signal, for that you'll need to use cairo. According to your words, there is no way to make cairo scroll with the scrolled_window. DrawingArea. My first attempt at this involved me simply taking the image, putting it into a pixmap, and drawing it before I draw other objects. Thankfully, most of the changes are not hard to adapt to and there are a number of steps that you can take to prepare your GTK 3. image = Gtk. Python Gtk. In GTK 3, we were using cairo commands to render onto a Mar 20, 2018 · In GTK4, instead of connecting a draw signal, the draw functions must be registered with gtk_drawing_area_set_draw_func. The Gtk. How do I make a gtkwindow background transparent on Linux? 1. May 13, 2022 · 1. Setting a draw function is the main thing you want to do when using a drawing area. This tutorial is derived from Michael Urman's cairo tutorial for python programmers. But actually I have no idea how. rw dt ti zo jw ac pp id cr mv